阴道毛滴虫(Trichomonas vaginalis

物种名:阴道毛滴虫

拉丁学名:Trichomonas vaginalis

分类学地位: 真核生物界Eukaryota;副基体门Parabasalia;

毛滴虫纲Trichomonadea毛滴虫目Trichomonadida;

毛滴虫科Trichomonadidae;毛滴虫属Trichomonas

阴道毛滴虫(Trichomonas vaginalis)是一种寄生于人类泌尿生殖道的鞭毛虫,主要引起滴虫性阴道炎(trichomoniasis),是全球最常见的非病毒性性传播感染之一。该虫可通过性接触传播,也可通过间接接触污染物品传播,女性感染率高于男性,且常与不良妊娠结局和HIV传播风险增加相关。

1.1生物学特性

1.1.1培养特征

阴道毛滴虫为厌氧或微需氧生物,最适生长温度为35-37℃,最适pH为5.5-6.0。可在Diamond’s TYM培养基、InPouch TV培养系统等中生长,培养48-72小时后可见虫体增殖,呈梨形或椭圆形,具有鞭毛和波动膜[1]

1.1.2形态学特征

阴道毛滴虫呈梨形,大小约为10-20 μm,具4根前鞭毛和1根后鞭毛,后鞭毛与波动膜相连,无包囊阶段,仅有滋养体形态。虫体可通过鞭毛和波动膜进行快速运动,吉姆萨染色或巴氏涂片可见典型结构(图1)[2]

图1 阴道毛滴虫照片

A:阴道毛滴虫显微照片(×1000)[3],B:阴道毛滴虫显微镜图[4]

1.1.3生化特征

阴道毛滴虫缺乏线粒体,依赖氢化酶体进行能量代谢,能发酵多种糖类产生乙酸、乳酸等有机酸。其表面富含半胱氨酸蛋白酶、黏附蛋白等毒力因子,能降解宿主细胞外基质,促进虫体定植[5]

1.1.4分子生物学特征

阴道毛滴虫基因组大小约160 Mb,编码约60000个基因,具有高度重复序列和大量横向转移基因。其毒力相关基因包括编码黏附素(AP65、AP33等)的基因、编码半胱氨酸蛋白酶(CPs)的基因以及调控运动的鞭毛蛋白基因等[6]

1.2分布、传播与致病性

1.2.1分布与传播

阴道毛滴虫全球分布,尤其在卫生条件较差和性健康意识薄弱地区感染率较高。主要通过性接触传播,也可通过共用毛巾、浴具等间接途径传播。女性感染者多见,男性常为无症状携带者[7]

1.2.2致病性

感染后可引起滴虫性阴道炎,典型症状包括阴道分泌物增多(黄绿色、泡沫状)、外阴瘙痒、排尿困难等。男性感染可导致非淋菌性尿道炎。该虫可破坏生殖道上皮屏障,增加HIV等其他性传播疾病的感染风险[8]

其致病机制主要与虫体黏附、细胞毒性、炎症反应诱导等有关。虫体分泌的蛋白酶可降解免疫球蛋白和补体,逃避宿主免疫应答[9]

1.3检测方法

(1)显微镜检查:取阴道分泌物或尿道分泌物直接涂片,显微镜下观察活动虫体,方法简便但灵敏度较低[10]

(2)培养法:使用TYM或InPouch TV系统进行培养,灵敏度高,是传统“金标准”[11]

(3)分子生物学方法:以阴道毛滴虫基因组中特异性保守序列A6p为检测靶点,建立基于PCR的分子生物学检测方法。首先从临床样本(如阴道拭子)中提取总DNA作为模板,加入特异性引物对TVA5和TVA6进行PCR扩增,其中TVA5序列为5′-GATCATGTTCTATCTTTTCA-3′,TVA6序列为5′-GATCACCACCTTAGTTTACA-3′。反应条件为94℃预变性7 min,然后进行30-45个循环(94℃变性1 min、47℃退火1 min、67℃延伸1 min),最后67℃延伸7 min。扩增产物经琼脂糖凝胶电泳和溴化乙锭染色后,若在紫外灯下观察到102 bp的特异性条带,即可判定为阳性。该引物对与人体DNA及其他多种原虫、细菌、真菌无交叉反应,具有高度敏感性和特异性[12]

(4)抗原检测:采用免疫层析或ELISA法检测虫体特异性抗原,操作简便,适用于快速诊断[13]

1.4典型案例

2018年,美国一项研究显示,阴道毛滴虫感染率在非裔女性中显著高于其他人群,且与早产、低出生体重等不良妊娠结局显著相关[14]。另一项在非洲进行的研究发现,滴虫感染女性中HIV感染风险增加50%以上,这一定程度上说明滴虫感染可能促进HIV传播[15]

1.5防治对策

预防滴虫感染需加强性健康教育,推广使用安全套,避免不洁性行为。感染者及其性伴侣应同时接受治疗,常用药物为甲硝唑或替硝唑。注意个人卫生,避免共用洗浴用品,定期进行妇科检查,尤其是有症状或高风险人群[16]

参考文献

[1] Menezes CB, Frasson AP, Tasca T. Optimal conditions for the continuous axenic cultivation of Trichomonas vaginalis. Parasitology, 2016, 143: 1664-1671.

[2] Ryan KJ. Sherris Medical Microbiology. McGraw Hill, 2010.

[3] Garcia K, Corona S, Rodriguez A et al. Comparative morphological analysis of Trichomonas vaginalis adherence to host cells using light and scanning electron microscopy. Parasitology Research, 2021, 120: 987-995.

[4] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trichomonas vaginalis in wet mount vaginal discharge specimen. Public Health Image Library, Image ID: 14500.

[5] Hirt RP. Trichomonas vaginalis pathogenicity: update and perspectives. Archives of Medical Research, 2015, 46: 33-39.

[6] Carlton JM. Draft genome sequence of the sexually transmitted pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis. Science, 2007, 315: 207-212.

[7] Rowley J, Vander Hoorn S, Korenromp E et al. Chlamydia, gonorrhoea, trichomoniasis and syphilis: global prevalence and incidence estimates, 2016. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 2019, 97: 548-562.

[8] Kissinger P. Trichomonas vaginalis: a review of epidemiologic, clinical and treatment issues. BMC Infectious Diseases, 2015, 15: 307.

[9] Fichorova RN. Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV: a dangerous liaison. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 2006, 6: 743-745.

[10] Van Der Pol B. Clinical and laboratory testing for Trichomonas vaginalis infection. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2016, 54: 7-12.

[11] Andrea SB, Chapin KC. Comparison of Aptima Trichomonas vaginalis transcription-mediated amplification assay and BD affirm VPIII for detection of T. vaginalis in symptomatic women: performance parameters and epidemiological implications. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 2011, 49: 866-869.

[12] Riley DE, Roberts MC, Takayama T et al. Development of a polymerase chain reaction-based diagnosis of Trichomonas vaginalis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 1992, 30: 465-472.

[13] Huppert JS, Mortensen JE, Reed JL et al. Rapid antigen testing compares favorably with transcription-mediated amplification assay for the detection of Trichomonas vaginalis in young women. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2007, 45: 194-198.

[14] Brotman RM, Klebanoff MA, Nansel TR et al. Bacterial vaginosis assessed by gram stain and diminished colonization resistance to incident gonococcal, chlamydial, and trichomonal genital infection. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2010, 202: 1907-1915.

[15] Mavedzenge SN, Van Der Pol B, Cheng H et al. Epidemiological synergy of Trichomonas vaginalis and HIV in Zimbabwean and South African women. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 2010, 37: 460-466.

[16] Workowski KA, Bachmann LH, Chan PA et al. Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021. MMWR Recommendations and Reports, 2021, 70: 1-187.

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